Uber Millionaire Pushes Voting via Internet, Despite Vulnerabilities - The Intercept

In the autumn of 2010, the District of Columbia was preparing to bash thing bold: let overseas voters to formed their ballots online. A fewer weeks up of the November wide election, it conducted a mock net predetermination and invited the nationalist to try and hack the system. Within a fewer days, machine scientists astatine the University of Michigan had gained adjacent implicit power of the predetermination server.

The squad took power of webcams mounted wrong the server country that housed the pilot, utilized login accusation to lucifer circumstantial ballots to circumstantial voters, and changed not conscionable votes that had been cast, but besides ones that would be. “There is small anticipation for protecting aboriginal ballots from this level of compromise, since the codification that processes the ballots is itself suspect,” the squad wrote successful a follow-up paper.

Afterward, D.C. officials confirmed that they had failed to spot the attacks successful their intrusion detection strategy logs, didn’t observe their beingness successful the web equipment, and lone realized what had happened aft seeing the group’s calling card: the University of Michigan combat opus playing connected the “Thank You” leafage that appeared aft voting.

Technology has improved importantly since 2010, but net voting presents a unsocial challenge. With paper, voters tin verify that their ballot is close earlier they message it oregon insert it into a scanner. Once that ballot is tabulated, there’s nary mode to link it backmost to the voter. It is irretrievable. When you formed a ballot electronically, however bash you guarantee that the ballot the predetermination bureau receives is the aforesaid ballot that you submitted — portion besides maintaining anonymity, producing an autarkic insubstantial trail, allowing for immoderate mode to audit the results, providing publically verifiable grounds if errors are detected, and ensuring that candidates tin contention the results?

“No presently known technology—including blockchain—is adjacent to enabling mobile oregon Internet voting systems to simultaneously execute of each these requirements,” researchers from MIT wrote successful a 2021 peer-reviewed paper titled “Going from atrocious to worse: from Internet voting to blockchain voting.”

The twelvemonth of the D.C. meltdown, Brooke Pinto wasn’t yet surviving successful the District. But aft becoming the youngest-ever D.C. councilmember successful 2020, she began moving connected 1 of the astir expansive mobile voting bills successful the country.

Allowing immoderate eligible elector to formed a ballot utilizing an internet-connected device, Pinto has claimed, would marque voting much accessible, particularly for voters of color, those with disabilities, and older adults. It could besides rise the chronically debased turnout rates successful the District: 28 percent for the 2020 superior and astir 67 percent for that year’s general, a small little than the nationalist average.

Pinto had nary ceremonial acquisition successful voting oregon technology, but she said constituents had talked astir it during her campaign. According to emails obtained done a nationalist records request, successful July 2021 her member introduced her to Bradley Tusk, a task capitalist who made millions from banal and options received from his enactment astatine Uber.

Tusk has poured wealth into a nonprofit and lobbying apparatus dedicated to pushing net voting nationwide. His organization, Mobile Voting, has already conducted 21 net voting pilots successful 7 states, and Tusk Philanthropies, which besides works to combat nutrient insecurity, has registered lobbyists successful astatine slightest 12 states and Washington, D.C. Last year, Tusk Philanthropies announced a $10 cardinal assistance program to money the improvement of a caller internet-based voting system, according to NPR, successful the hopes that each American volition person the enactment to ballot electronically by 2028.

His crusade could not travel astatine a much perilous clip for American democracy. Trust successful the strategy is historically low, disinformation astir voting exertion is especially rampant, and galore lawmakers are already suspicious of backstage companies providing immoderate benignant of assistance to predetermination offices, which proceed to beryllium chronically underfunded.

After Pinto signaled her involvement successful pushing net voting, Tusk’s team, including his organization’s D.C. lobbyist, Max Brown of Group 360, commissioned a nationalist canvass connected the issue, rallied enactment from salient civilian rights groups similar the NAACP, connected Pinto with experts, and helped draught the authorities and an op-ed successful enactment of it.

Tusk argues that, due to the fact that lone utmost idealogues ballot successful their enactment primaries, politicians person nary inducement to compromise, fueling hyperpartisanship and gridlock. But if we made voting importantly much convenient, helium says, it would dramatically summation turnout and marque argumentation much representative. “This is the lone mode to alteration the governmental inputs,” helium wrote successful a blog station earlier this year. “This is the lone mode to halt wide shootings, to travel up with solutions to problems ranging from migration to opioids, wellness attraction to education, clime alteration to infrastructure.”

However, assuming the technology is perfectly secure, there’s a problem. The instauration of Tusk’s statement — that net voting volition “exponentially” summation turnout — is contradicted by mountains of evidence, including probe he’s funded. Even 1 of Tusk’s ain grantees has spoken retired against the bill.

None of this has dissuaded Tusk. “Short of committing a crime,” he’s said, there’s “nothing unethical astir thing I could perchance bash to effort to marque mobile voting happen.”

Mobile Voting declined to assistance interviews for this story, and overmuch of the accusation astir its programs is disposable lone done unfastened records requests (or is not nationalist astatine all). And Tusk’s philanthropic and task superior arms did not respond to a petition for comment.

Even erstwhile organizations providing backing astir elections bash disclose, spot is hard to travel by. In the run-up to the 2020 statesmanlike election, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg and his wife, Dr. Priscilla Chan, donated $400 cardinal to the Center for Tech and Civic Life. The wealth was meant to assistance predetermination offices respond to the pandemic, each eligible jurisdiction that applied for a assistance received one, and the institution aboriginal published a transcript of its taxation signifier listing each of the funds it had distributed. Still, Republicans accused the tech billionaire of conspiring to bribe predetermination officials and bargain votes, with 1 Republican congresswoman decrying that the “liberal non-profit radical flooded left-leaning counties … with opaque backstage backing to summation elector turnout.”

Described by Fast Company arsenic “Silicon Valley’s governmental savior,” Tusk served arsenic communications manager for Sen. Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., from 2000 to 2002; was lawman politician of Illinois from 2003 to 2006; and managed Michael Bloomberg’s 2009 run for a 3rd word arsenic politician of New York City.

In 2011, helium became Uber’s archetypal governmental advisor and worked until 2015 to grow ride-hailing successful large cities crossed the country. When helium near the company, he owned what immoderate reports estimated arsenic $100 million successful stock. Over the past 15 years, he’s personally donated astatine slightest $359,000 to Democratic candidates (and astatine slightest $25,000 to Republican ones), according to FollowTheMoney.org.

In 2015, helium founded Tusk Ventures, a task superior money that chiefly invests successful startups successful highly regulated industries, similar gambling, cannabis, and insurance. A twelvemonth later, helium launched Tusk Philanthropies, which supports Mobile Voting and mimics the playbook that Tusk developed portion astatine Uber.

When discussing a large predetermination nonprofit that advocates for handmarked insubstantial ballots, Tusk said connected his podcast, “You cognize what insubstantial ballots got us? Bush v. Gore. You cognize what that got us? The Iraq War. You cognize what that got us? Hundreds of thousands of radical killed for nary reason. My voting technology’s ne'er killed a azygous person. Theirs has killed hundreds of thousands.”

Tusk besides frames absorption arsenic impervious that he’s succeeding. “It astir apt goes without saying that those who similar things the mode they are—in different words, each existent politician, involvement group, union, large donors, and anyone other who has nary involvement successful making it easier for radical to situation their power—will rise a big of objections to mobile voting,” Tusk wrote successful his 2018 book, “The Fixer.” Regardless of what opponents accidental astir information oregon practicality, helium suggests, they’re truly conscionable acrophobic of the competition.

And it besides means increasing much rapidly than adjacent proponents would advise. Chris Walker is the clerk for Jackson County, Oregon, 1 of the places that has partnered with Mobile Voting to connection net voting for subject and overseas voters. Walker loves the strategy and wishes the authorities would grow its usage to different groups, including voters with disabilities, victims of earthy disasters, archetypal responders, and out-of-state voters. But it’s imperative that the process determination slowly, she said recently.

“Should it be mainstream right now? Absolutely not, I don’t deliberation we’re acceptable for that.”

In 1999, astatine the tallness of the dot-com boom, California’s caput of authorities convened a task unit to survey the anticipation of voting online. “We went successful assuming that the thought was, ‘Well, what’s the champion mode to bring net gathering to the radical of California?’” says David Jefferson, who was seat of the method issues committee and has advised 5 successive Californian secretaries of authorities connected technology-related issues. “I realized that determination were profound information problems,” helium says. “Not lone that, but determination were not going to beryllium immoderate solutions to them. … They were unsolvable.”

Still, Mobile Voting is trying to lick them by developing its ain integer absentee voting system. On its website, Mobile Voting says that the strategy is based connected the requirements identified by the U.S. Vote Foundation, and it links to a 2015 study to which Jefferson contributed. He says he’s unimpressed by what he’s seen from Mobile Voting truthful far. “There is thing connected that tract but prose — nary method specs astatine each — not adjacent a cartoon architectural diagram,” helium wrote successful an email.

Beyond the dearth of method details, helium besides raised the contented of who would ain the system; person ineligible liability for its failures; maintain, operate, and upgrade it; and — possibly astir critically if it were to beryllium adopted nationwide — certify it.

Jefferson has worked for years to halt net voting legislation, including a measure successful California that passed the Senate successful May but was later pulled down by its author. Nationwide, astatine slightest 21 net voting-related bills were introduced this year, according to Voting Rights Lab, which documents and analyzes voting and predetermination laws. That includes the 1 successful D.C.

In January 2022, Councilmember Brooke Pinto’s unit started editing the D.C. net voting measure with Jocelyn Bucaro, a erstwhile elections authoritative who present serves arsenic the manager of the Mobile Voting project, according to the emails obtained via the Freedom of Information Act. Over the adjacent fewer weeks, the 2 parties exchanged astatine slightest 3 drafts of the legislation, according to emails obtained done FOIA. Meanwhile, Pinto besides received guidance from Max Brown, the $17,000-average-a-month lobbyist moving connected behalf of Mobile Voting, according to lobbyist reports from D.C.’s Board of Ethics and Government Accountability.

To connection feedback connected the bill’s information components, Brown emailed Pinto’s legislative manager with the names of 3 radical helium described arsenic “3rd enactment folks unaffiliated with us” and “arms magnitude from our advocates. One was connected Mobile Voting’s Circle of Advisors. (Brown says helium was told they weren’t affiliated with Mobile Voting and that helium ne'er spoke to oregon met immoderate of them).

Another was Andre McGregor, a erstwhile spouse astatine ShiftState Security. In precocious 2018, ShiftState conducted a information appraisal of Voatz, 1 of the net voting vendors that Mobile Voting has hired to supply the exertion for astatine slightest 1 of its pilots. McGregor told Slate that the company’s exertion did “very well” but did not merchandise the company’s underlying report.

Researchers astatine MIT aboriginal discovered that Voatz had “vulnerabilities that let antithetic kinds of adversaries to alter, stop, oregon exposure a user’s vote,” and Oregon Sen. Ron Wyden asked McGregor to explicate his affirmative review. “Several authorities officials person cited your company’s audit successful effect to my office’s inquiries astir Voatz’s information oregon deficiency thereof,” wrote Wyden. “These officials believe, reasonably so, that Voatz’s exertion passed a broad audit.”

ShiftState did not merchandise the underlying report. McGregor had been a portion of Mobile Voting’s Circle of Advisors, but helium says his engagement with the radical ended successful precocious 2021, earlier Brown sent that email to Pinto’s office. After being contacted by The Intercept, McGregor says helium asked Mobile Voting to region his sanction from its Circle of Advisors.

The 3rd recommendation, Donald Kersey, is wide counsel to different Circle of Advisors member, West Virginia Secretary of State Mac Warner. In his email to Pinto’s legislative director, Kersey criticized the measure for being “light connected procedures,” similar minimum information standards, and attached spreadsheets of method materials. However, the measure requires that the Board of Elections beryllium the 1 to make the system’s information protocols — and wrong 180 days of the instrumentality taking effect.

Ultimately, though, the bill’s deficiency of specificity whitethorn not matter, says Ron Rivest, a cryptographer astatine MIT who co-invented 1 of the astir wide utilized algorithms to securely transmit data. “When radical inquire for champion practices for voting online, it’s alternatively similar asking for champion practices for driving drunk,” helium says.

Though Pinto has cited the illustration of online banking to suggest that online voting is besides feasible, she acknowledged to The Intercept that “there are differences, of course, betwixt the two.” She mentioned that banks person protocols for erstwhile an relationship is hacked and that the stakes are antithetic erstwhile it comes to our democracy.

There are different challenges, including remotely verifying a voter’s individuality and ensuring that a voter’s instrumentality is escaped from malware. But possibly the biggest situation that Pinto failed to notation is this: Unlike applying for a passport oregon submitting your taxes, casting a ballot indispensable beryllium done anonymously — and for that reason, it tin ne'er beryllium recovered oregon modified. (Even successful a blockchain-based physics voting system, which allows anonymity and security, users indispensable inactive usage perchance susceptible devices and web infrastructure, meaning specified a strategy is inactive susceptible to superior failures.)

“Electronic ballot instrumentality faces important information risks to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of voted ballots. These risks tin yet impact the tabulation and results, and tin hap astatine scale,” says a 2020 study from the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Election Assistance Commission, and the FBI.

Even a assistance recipient of Tusk Philanthropies doesn’t judge the signifier is safe. “For the foreseeable aboriginal iVoting solutions present acold much hazard than payment due to the fact that determination stay excessively galore method problems to verifiably solve,” said Gregory Miller, COO and co-founder of the Open Source Election Technology Institute, oregon OSET, which Miller said received a two-year, $1 cardinal assistance from Tusk Philanthropies.

On its website, Mobile Voting says that OSET was awarded funding to enactment the improvement of “an open-source, end-to-end verifiable mobile voting solution for integer absentee voting.” Miller says this is not a close characterization.

“We bash not see ourselves arsenic a ‘partner’ successful their pursuit of mobile voting,” helium wrote successful an email. He added, “We are not actively researching oregon attempting to make immoderate bundle solutions to effort to code immoderate of the challenging problems to iVoting.”

He past linked to an open letter helium says that OSET had signed, urging the D.C. Council not to walk Pinto’s bill.

On February 18, 2022, Pinto formally introduced the Mobile VOTE Act on with 7 co-sponsors, a bulk of the council. Its conjugation of supporters would yet see much than a twelve progressive organizations, religion groups, and radical justness nonprofits, including the D.C. section of the NAACP.

In April, the radical demanded a nationalist proceeding for the bill, thing that the seat of the committee successful complaint of the bill, Charles Allen, had refused to do, citing information concerns raised by experts. For Tusk, the lines were clear: Supporters of his bill, mostly “people of colour who truly privation to beryllium capable to summation entree to voting,” helium said connected his podcast, and Allen, a “rich, achromatic … out-of-district” subordinate who represents “rich achromatic people.”

Pinto, the bill’s champion, had lived successful D.C. for 8 years, did not ballot successful the District earlier 2020, and had lone registered the twelvemonth before. She was the lone campaigner successful her ward to diminution participating successful the nationalist financing program, personally contributed $45,000 to her campaign, and had the astir wealth coming from retired of authorities of each the candidates successful her race.

During her campaign, she besides boasted of being “the lone campaigner to have endorsements from a sitting U.S. legislator and sitting U.S. congressmember,” some of which her household had reportedly donated to implicit the past decade. Critically, she was besides endorsed by the Washington Post. “Unlike immoderate candidates promising the entity nether the banner of progressive justice,” the editorial committee wrote, “she is steeped successful world and would deed the crushed moving with grit and smarts.”

In the 2020 primary, she won by lone 379 votes — and with conscionable 28 percent of the total. A small much than a 4th of voters turned out.

To enactment unit connected Allen, Pinto, Mobile Voting, and its allies framed the contented arsenic a motivation imperative. “If passed and signed into law, this enlargement of voting options would correspond a singular triumph successful the civilian rights conflict of our day,” said Pinto and the Rev. H. Lionel Edmonds, elder pastor of the Mt. Lebanon Baptist Church, successful an op-ed written successful consultation with Tusk’s lobbyist, Max Brown, according to nationalist records.

It appeared that the nationalist was connected their side. As astatine slightest 1 property clipping repeated, 70 percent of D.C. residents supported a mobile voting option. Mobile Voting often touts these kinds of lawsuit restitution surveys, similar the 100 percent of survey respondents successful Denver who said that of each the methods of voting, they preferred voting connected their smartphone.

“Unless you are earnestly informed astir the information issues, who would accidental no?” says David Jefferson. “It does dependable similar a bully idea.”

Tellingly, different survey recovered that West Virginia voters who were told that the strategy was secured by blockchain exertion were little consenting to usage it again. “Maybe it tips them disconnected to this thought that, ‘Oh right, there’s information risks present with mobile voting,” said the study’s author, Anthony Fowler, a prof successful the Harris School of Public Policy astatine the University of Chicago.

To further vouch for the information of its pilots, Mobile Voting has besides cited astatine slightest 1 “independent” audit conducted by the National Cybersecurity Center, a Colorado-based nonprofit established successful 2016 “for cyber innovation and awareness.”

Mobile Voting has hired the NCC to negociate and instrumentality astatine slightest 2 of its aviator programs and paid them a interest to bash so, according to memoranda of knowing obtained by unfastened records requests. That includes a 2020 aviator successful King County, Washington, which demonstrated that “with top-notch level development, effectual predetermination authoritative grooming and elector education, mobile voting tin beryllium accomplished securely,” said Forrest Senti, past manager of concern and authorities initiatives astatine NCC and present vice president of programs and operations — and different subordinate of Mobile Voting’s Circle of Advisors. (The NCC did not assistance an interrogation for this communicative and does not disclose its struggle of involvement argumentation oregon fiscal statements).

In 2020, Tusk donated $40,000 to Shemia Fagan’s run to go Oregon’s caput of authorities — the astir he’s ever donated to a candidate and Fagan’s largest idiosyncratic donor, according to FollowTheMoney.org. After Fagan won her contention and became the state’s main predetermination official, a measure was introduced successful the state’s legislature to make an net voting system. The contented of the authorities matched a papers that Mobile Voting’s lobbyist had emailed to Pinto’s legislative manager a fewer months earlier — and it would’ve enactment Fagan successful complaint of creating the rules astir the system’s implementation.

Fagan did not enactment the bill, and the measure did not pass. Fagan told The Intercept her autarkic judgement was ne'er compromised by Tusk’s donation and that she declined Mobile Voting’s invitation to articulation its Circle of Advisors, saying she wanted to absorption alternatively connected restoring spot successful ballot by mail. As for her presumption connected net voting, she says she did conscionable with representatives from Mobile Voting. “Ultimately, they could not refute the strongest concerns raised by the opponents,” she said.

In the end, Mobile Voting’s D.C. conjugation wasn’t capable to transportation Charles Allen, who ne'er granted the measure a nationalist hearing. But Tusk wasn’t daunted. “I haven’t started putting unit connected this guy,” helium said successful a podcast episode released successful June. “There’s worldly that I’ve recovered retired astir him that hasn’t go nationalist yet that’s gonna truly fuck up his life.”

In a nationalist survey Mobile Voting had commissioned astir voting successful the District, conscionable 2 percent of respondents believed voting was hard to statesman with.

The District automatically registers voters, allows online and same-day registration, and could soon verify residents to ballot without them having to register astatine all. For this year’s midterms, the Board of Elections has automatically mailed each actively registered elector an absentee ballot, which tin beryllium returned up to 7 days aft Election Day, 1 of the astir permissive deadlines successful the country. And the District offers 8 days of aboriginal voting.

Nationally, D.C. is better than most, but it’s not arsenic overmuch of an outlier arsenic you mightiness expect. Forty-six states and D.C. offer aboriginal in-person voting, and 35 states and D.C. either behaviour all-mail elections oregon connection no-excuse absentee voting.

“Convenience does help, but it doesn’t person a transformative effect” connected turnout, says Donald P. Green, a governmental idiosyncratic astatine Columbia University and the co-author of a book connected turnout.

Paul Gronke, a governmental subject prof astatine Reed College, agrees and points retired that turnout is adjacent much analyzable for primaries, which Tusk considers truthful cardinal to his betterment due to the fact that of however heavy gerrymandered astir districts are. “You don’t person enactment cues anymore, truthful you person to hunt for different cues,” Gronke says. That process takes substantially much effort and information.

Another underlying issue, says Fowler, the University of Chicago professor, is that astir radical don’t ballot based connected wherever their ballot matters most. If that were the case, turnout rates would beryllium highest successful section elections.

Tusk besides argues that extremist superior voters person hijacked our politics, which isn’t good supported by evidence, says Lee Drutman, a lecturer astatine the Johns Hopkins University Center for Advanced Governmental Studies. “Primary voters are much politically engaged and stronger partisans, but not importantly much ideologically extreme,” writes Drutman. Other researchers person found the same.

Nor is determination compelling grounds that engaging much voters would importantly alteration our politics, according to a 2020 Knight Foundation survey of 12,000 chronic non-voters. “If they each voted successful 2020,” the study said, “non-voters would adhd an astir adjacent stock of votes to Democratic and Republican candidates.”

However, this radical was little apt to actively question retired news, hold that votes are counted afloat and accurately, oregon judge that politicians’ decisions person a beardown interaction connected their lives — attitudes that net voting is improbable to change. Likewise, Tusk’s betterment does small to registry voters, combat gerrymandering, unfastened up primaries, marque elections much competitive, amended the prime of the candidates running, oregon diminish the powerfulness of acheronian wealth and governmental enactment committees.

As to the effect of net voting connected participation, would it summation turnout successful the District — oregon anyplace other — by 10, 20, 30 percent?

“There’s zero grounds to enactment that benignant of a claim,” says Fowler, who received a assistance from Tusk Philanthropies for his research, which recovered betwixt a 3 to 5 percent constituent turnout bump successful West Virginia’s net voting pilot.

Internet voting’s imaginable to rise turnout is adjacent weaker for the 15 percent of D.C. residents who don’t person smartphones. In “The Fixer,” though, Tusk makes a suggestion: “It’d beryllium acold cheaper to conscionable bargain them for everyone than to tally a authorities this inefficient and this ineffective due to the fact that nary 1 bothers to vote.”

In theory, however, net voting could substantially assistance different groups, thing that Tusk uses to his advantage.

“We’ve either made it disposable to deployed subject oregon radical with disabilities,” Tusk said connected a podcast successful 2021. “We’ve recovered 1 radical connected the close that nary 1 tin entity to, and 1 radical connected the near that nary 1 tin entity to.”

Per a 2009 national law, subject and overseas voters person the enactment to person a blank ballot electronically for national elections, and 31 states besides let them to instrumentality that ballot electronically. Some states necessitate that voters explicitly waive their close to a concealed ballot.

In that light, the president of Democracy Live, 1 of Mobile Voting’s exertion vendors, says helium sees his company’s online portal not arsenic a metallic bullet, but alternatively arsenic a amended solution than the fax oregon email enactment commonly offered. “It’s not, ‘Let’s spell bash online voting for America,’” says Bryan Finney. Instead, it’s “Can we bash that better? Can we bash that much securely?”

Combined, the radical casting ballots electronically represented little than .2 percent of each the votes formed successful 2020. However, voters with disabilities are progressively advocating to usage those integer options for themselves.

These voters person ever faced important barriers. It tin beryllium hard conscionable getting to canvass sites, which past contiguous challenges of their own, and voting astatine location tin beryllium conscionable arsenic fraught, particularly arsenic states person limited the benignant of assistance that voters tin receive. Until precocious successful Indiana, voters could lone beryllium helped by a “traveling board” of elections officials who would travel to their homes. Thanks to a caller tribunal decision, they tin present beryllium assisted by astir anyone — but that’s not the triumph it whitethorn seem, says Michelle Bishop, elector entree and engagement manager astatine the National Disability Rights Network.

“We are fundamentally telling them to inquire idiosyncratic other to people a ballot they volition ne'er beryllium capable to verify and conscionable spot that it was marked arsenic intended,” she says.

For now, Pinto has backed disconnected of net voting. “Since introducing the bill, I person had galore much conversations with residents and experts and my unit and I person work further reporting connected the issue,” she told The Intercept. “At this time, mobile voting is not ripe to determination guardant arsenic further information protections are apt needed to beryllium considered.”

Still, others, if not Tusk’s, volition inevitably popular up elsewhere, says MIT’s Ron Rivest. “It’s similar Whac-A-Mole.”

And erstwhile a close is expanded to 1 group, different usually follows. In 2018, West Virginia officials said they had nary plans to widen mobile voting beyond the comparatively tiny overseas population. “Secretary [of State Mac] Warner has ne'er and volition ne'er advocator that this is simply a solution for mainstream voting,” his lawman main of unit told the Washington Post. In 2021, net voting successful the authorities was offered to voters with qualifying disabilities. This February, it was expanded again to definite archetypal responders.

Or, arsenic Tusk put it successful 2019, “What we learned astatine Uber is erstwhile the genie is retired of the bottle, it can’t beryllium enactment backmost in.”

This reporting was made imaginable done grants from the Gumshoe Group and the Fund for Investigative Journalism.